Accounting Theory Organization and the Mechanisms

Question: Talk about the Accounting Theory for Organization and the Mechanisms. Answer: Presentation The current investigation presents a point by point examination of the variables that drive the way of life of the association and the systems, forms that can control and direct the tasks of the association with unique direction to the activities of Woolworths Limited. Woolworths Limited is traded on an open market Australian organization that has broad retail activities across various pieces of Australia just as New Zealand. Woolworth Limited is the second biggest business firm in Australia as far as income and the second biggest in New Zealand also. The organization works fundamentally in the retailing business across Australia, New Zealand and India in various divisions that incorporate the Super markets, petroleum, alcohol, general product, home improvement, inns and betting (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). What's more, the current examination likewise investigations the administration structures that incorporates assessment of the adherence to the standards and rules, examination of the General Purpose Financial Reports for clients of budget summaries of Woolworths Limited. Besides, the current investigation likewise manages the issues related to compensation structure, inside and outer controls. Besides, the current investigation additionally talks about the standards reasonability and adherence to the calculated system of the money related revealing. Elements that drive the way of life of Woolworths Limited Corporate Governance: Corporate administration alludes to the particular methodology of the load up towards enlargement of the estimation of the investors and simultaneously fortress of the assets of the investors. The administration of the organization Woolworths Limited expects to make it sure that the strategies just as practices in various basic zones of money related assertions, compensations reports and corporate administration meet various prerequisites of elevated levels of divulgences and consistence (Deegan 2012). Woolworths Limited is freely recorded in the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) and is required to apply various suggestions expressed in the ASX Corporate Governance Councils standards and proposals (AXS CGC). The enterprise has evaluated the present corporate administration methods just as practices that are basically against the ASX Recommendations. The examination of the corporate administration system of Woolworths Limited uncovers the way that the organization is completely rep resented and constrained by the top managerial staff who are chosen by the investors (Healy and Palepu 2012). The organization has set up three distinct boards that incorporate the Nomination Committee, Audit, Risk Management and Compliance Committee and People Policy Committee. A Board Charter presents the obligations of the load up to appropriately speak to and simultaneously serve the interests of the considerable number of investors of the organization by method of regulating and assessing the trick, strategy and execution of Woolworths Limited (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Issues with the compensation rate The leading body of the organization Woolworths Limited built up the compensation panel People Policy Committee so as to make it sure that the level just as arrangement of the Group Remuneration is fitting and doable and its relationship to the exhibition is justifiable. The People Policy Committee consents to the prerequisites of the ASX Recommendations. The examiners report on the compensation uncovers the way that the top managerial staff gets ready and presents the compensation report according to the segment 30 An of the Corporation Act 2001 and the review is basically founded on the Australian Auditing Standards (AAS). The compensation report distributed during the year 2015 imitates the frustrating presentation of the organization and the ensuing outcomes on the official just as worker compensation. The presentation of the organization against the significant measurements supports the whole structure of the compensation. The compensation report shows a 0.1% development in net benefit after expense (NOPAT) related to the earlier year. The compensation report likewise mirrors the 0.7% decrease in the income per share when contrasted with the earlier year (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). The administration of Woolworths Limited means to connect the compensation structure of the firm with the presentation. Be that as it may, the organization has no arrangement for momentary motivations. Once more, there are sure honors related to the authentic monetary introduction and recorded maintenance rights (Horngren et al. 2012). The compensation system makes it sure that the structure and the administration of compensation of the Woolworths Limited continues on supporting the general accomplishment of specific business results that thus can convey estimation of the investor. The evaluation of the compensation structure offer solid establishment to work with adequate adaptability to repeat adjustments in procedure and to pull in and simultaneously hold the gifts (Bot zem 2012). Also, the board just as the senior official gathering have a drawn out relationship with the investors through various prerequisites of the investors. The investigation of the compensation report likewise uncovers the way that the organization neglected to meet the transient motivation plan that happened to be the presentation entryway of 4% development of net benefit after assessment when contrasted with the year back period. Investigation of the General Purpose Financial Reports for clients to make money related reports Theoretical Framework As appropriately set forward by Edwards (2013), the calculated system alludes to the point and target of the budgetary announcing, subjective nature and qualities of various valuable data. What's more, the theoretical structure additionally manages the definition, acknowledgment and estimation of various components of the monetary revelations, thoughts of capital and upkeep of capital. The essential point of the universally useful money related detailing is to offer budgetary data with respect to the announcing industry substance (Miller and Power 2013). The money related data gave in the GPFR can support the expected agents, moneylenders just as different leasers in showing up at choices concerning buying, selling and holding value, obligation instruments, offering advances just as different types of credit. In any case, these reports of Woolworths Limited don't offer all the significant data that existent just as likely speculators, lenders and banks require (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). The announcements of Woolworths Limited additionally follow the necessities of the applied structure. The accounting report uncovers significant data with respect to the stock, net interest in stock, resources, elusive resources, net repayable obligation, money related liabilities, and investors value. The monetary presentations proclaim the way that the board have permitted last profit of 72 c for every offer out of the complete profit of 139 c during the 2015. The profit assertions end up being significant data for the investors of the organization. The point of the money related announcing is likewise to get an ideal FICO assessment. For instance, both the SP and the Moodys changed the rating to a lower level when contrasted with the earlier years figure (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). The clients of the money related data can utilize the reports for showing up at choices. The clients can likewise evaluate the things as follows: Investigation of the stock The end stock of the organization Woolworths Limited expanded 3.8% attributable to the opening of new stores. The net interest in stock declined $272.6 million because of the differences in the planning of installments of banks. The failure to deal with the stock in the retail business of the Woolworths Limited may maybe disable the serious situation of the organization. Figure: Inventory (Source: Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016) Investigation of the records receivable, arrangement for awful obligation and dubious obligation The organization Woolworths presents the records receivables in the fiscal reports by including the measure of GST. The exchange receivables were enrolled to be 1001.9 during 2015 and 965.2 in the year 2014. The exchange receivables are basically distinguished at reasonable worth, identified at amortized cost by intrigue technique after derivation of the remittance for debilitation. The clients of the monetary data can dissect the information introduced in the money related reports and survey the things to outline budgetary choices. Be that as it may, the financing cost of the organization Woolworths Limited declined 2% in 2015 when contrasted with the year 2014 fundamentally because of the investment funds in the enthusiasm out of reimbursement of the obligations, balance by lower promoted premium (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). The net repayable obligation declined to $3067.3 million made conceivable attributable to the returns from the offer of property and speculation. Investigation of the plant, property and gear The plant, property and hardware of the organization is basically counted at cost after conclusion of the collected deterioration and amortization and amassed loss of disability (DRURY 2013). The administration of the organization Woolworths Limited made ventures adding up to $1535.3 for the plant, property and types of gear as the organization opened numerous new stores and the revamped many existing retail locations, bought numerous new marketing frameworks and diverse gracefully chain activity. Figure 1: Balance Sheet (Source: Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016) Examination of deterioration techniques The devaluation technique that the administration of the organization Woolworths Limited is at present for the benefits is the straight-line strategy over a monetary time. The yearly report distributed by the organization Woolworths Limited uncovers the way that the valuable existences of the plant, property and gear is 2.5 years to 10 years (Woolworthslimited.com.au. 2016). Investigation of

Summary and opinion of women study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline and assessment of ladies study - Essay Example Notwithstanding, that equity drops rapidly in social settings. At the point when a lady goes into a car store, the sales rep regards her as though a youngster. Sports, particularly male games, are still beyond reach to ladies. Blended Olympic wrestling, MMA, and different games are as yet male just clubs. Some may contend that ladies are not genuinely fit for these games. Be that as it may, Chyna, Serena and Venus Williams, and other ladies are more genuinely skilled than men. The issue is men would prefer not to ladies to traverse into specific regions. NASCAR is an ideal model. Numerous proprietors would prefer not to support a lady. In this way ladies will in general avoid these territories. Ladies, particularly minority ladies, are victimized. These ladies will accept any position to support their families. Ladies with huge families are oppressed, hitched or not. Insults are aimed at these ladies of ‘Don’t you realize what causes that?’ or ‘You can’t deal with what you have.’ It is expected that a lady with numerous youngsters have various dads for these kids. The man should be considered responsible also. A mother is regularly answerable for any youngsters. Unwed dads don't confront the disgrace of an unwed mother. Mainstream society will in general depict the mother or sex image. Common ladies are disregarded. Hollywood advertisements and motion pictures are not made about the Eleanor Roosevelts of the world. Rather June Cleaver, Roseanne, Jennifer Aniston, etc are advanced. Single ladies with power don't pick up appraisals. Men, then again, don't age. They can even now be stars long after their middle age. A lady seldom makes it past her fifties in mainstream society. Assault and brutality against ladies is a significant issue in America. Spouses slaughtering wives are in the news. Scott Peterson, Drew Peterson (no connection), and others catch the features. Assault in numerous structures is as yet present. The savage assault is awful, however date assault leaves a lady crushed. The force that a

Automatonophobia or Fear of Human-Like Figures

Automatonophobia or Fear of Human-Like Figures December 06, 2019 Paolo Cordelli/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Causes Symptoms Complications Treatment Automatonophobia can be loosely defined as the fear of wax figures, humanoid robots, audio-animatronics, or other figures designed to represent humans. Only rarely does the fear become a full-blown phobia, but it is relatively common to experience hesitation or nervousness when confronting these figures. Causes It is currently unknown precisely what causes this phobia. It may be partly due to our own innate expectations of human behavior. We tend to mistrust people who stare blankly, remain quiet, or act in ways that we do not consider “normal.” Whether programmed to move or simply standing silent, automatons look but do not behave like humans. In addition, the level of craftsmanship can vary widely from figure to figure. Today, most look startlingly lifelike, but closer examination shows that they are slightly “off.” Smooth, perfect skin, vacant eyes, and other qualities are shared by automatons but do not perfectly represent human bodies. Designers of these figures are, of course, aware of the limitations of their work. Consequently, many figures are housed in displays in which the lighting is designed to minimize scrutiny. This may involve dim lights, spotlights, and other effects that could be considered creepy, further adding to the fear-inducing effect. Related Phobias Automatonophobia is often thought to be related to maskaphobia, or fear of masks. Pediophobia, or fear of dolls, is also a subset of automatonophobia. These fears are believed to have similar causes and origins. Role in Popular Culture This fear has been exploited in numerous books, television shows, and films. Perhaps the best-known example is the original Vincent Price version of House of Wax. Originally shown in 3D to heighten the effect, the 1953 movie focuses on a crazed wax sculptor turned serial killer. Badly disfigured in a fire, the sculptor wreaks vengeance by murdering people and then turning them into wax displays for his museum. The film was remade in 2005 with a very different plot. Symptoms This fear can manifest in many ways. Some people are afraid only of wax figures, others of dolls. Some are unable to visit theme parks or local attractions, which frequently use moving humanoid figures called audio-animatronics in their displays. If you suffer from automatonophobia, you may experience shaking, crying, heart palpitations, and other physical effects when confronted by the object of your fear. You may be unable to enter a display that houses automatons. If you encounter one unexpectedly, you may run away, freeze in place, or even hide. Complications Automatons are considered a hallmark of new technology  and are proudly displayed in locations, ranging from museums to theme parks to even carnivals. Over time, you may find yourself avoiding more and more locations for fear of coming across an automaton. This can lead to social isolation, and in extreme cases, even agoraphobia. Treatment Automatonophobia is easily treatable with proper therapy. The exact course that therapy takes will depend on your specific symptoms, their severity, and the impact that they have on your life. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most common form of therapy used and will help you learn to replace your negative thoughts about automatons with more rational messages. You may go through systematic desensitization, in which you are gradually exposed to the object of your fear. You may also be taught relaxation exercises to use when anxiety flares. When seeking out therapy for automatonophobia  or any phobia, be sure to  choose a therapist  you trust. How to Find the Right Therapist If You Have a Phobia

Specific Gravity Definition

Definition: Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Example: The specific gravity of pure water at 4 Â °C is 1. Specific gravity is a unitless value. Return to the Chemistry Glossary Index

Axia College Material Appendix - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 637 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Education Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Axia College Material Appendix B IT/260 Database Design Document Gift Shop Inventory Date Modified: 7-28-2010 Week:5 Part 1: Introduction (due Week Two) a) Application Summary I selected the Gift Shop Inventory application. b) Database Software I will use SQL 2008 Express Edition. This software closely resembles the software I use at work. I am familiar with the flexibility of this software. I am very comfortable in using SQL 2008. SQL is also one of the industry standard RDMS. c) Database Design Elements Prior to designing my database, I will have a clear understanding of the data. This will allow me to determine the purpose of the database. Once all information is gathered, I will divide this information into tables. Information will be properly placed into columns and I will set a primary key. Upon completion of table design, I will set the relationships between tables. I will refine my design and apply normalization rules to my design. Part 2: Database Design (due Week Three) ) Entities and Attributes Entities for this database application will include a Customer, Products, Orders, Sales Rep and Shipping table. The attributes for the following tables are as follows: Customers -Name, Address, City,State, Zip,Phone, Fax,Email Products Product description, cost, amount in stock Orders Order date, quantity purchased, price, tax, total amount, date shipped Shipping Information- ship date, ship method Sales Rep- Rep Name, rep ID b) Normalization Customer Table |Orders |Product |Shipping |Sales_Rep | | |Table |Table |Table | | |Cust_Num |Order_Num |Prod_Num |ShipID |RepID | |Last_Name |Cust_Num |Prod_Desc |Ship_Method |Rep_Last_Name | |First_Name |Prod_Num |Unit Cost |Order_Num |Rep_First_Name | |Address |Quantity |Quantity on Hand |Ship_Price |Rep_ Email | |City |Order_Date | |Ship Date | | |State |Price | | | | |Zip |Tax_Amount | | | | |Phone |Total_Cost | | | | |Fax |Ship_Date | | | | |Email |ShipID | | | | |RepID | | | | | Part 3: Relationships, C omponents, and Features (due Week Four) ) Define what an ERD is and why it is important as a tool in the database design process. The ERD represents conceptualization by end users of what the database has to offer. As a database designer, it is important for you to use the ERD tool so the components, attributes, entities and relationships are clearly visible. The ERD tool will held database designers make sure they are capturing all required data and that all tables needed are built around that data. b) Entity Relationship Diagram [pic] c) Components and Features [Identify the components and features that are going to be used in your database application. ] Part 4: Queries and Forms (due Week Five) a) Queries Customer info- Select * from Customers-This query will give information on how many customers are shopping at the Gift Shop. Orders Table- Select * from Orders this will give a listing of all orders. Should a specific date range be needed. We could Select * from Orders Where OrderDate between ‘2010-01-01’ and ‘2010-01-31’. This will give us all orders for the month of January 2010. We track inventory by querying the Product Table. Select Prod_Num, ProdDesc, Quantity on Hand from Products. We could see who sales associates are in the Gift shop by querying the Sales Rep table. b) Forms [Explain your vision for what forms and menus should appear in their database application. ] Part 5: Testing and Implementation Plan (due Week Seven) a) Testing Plan [Provide a set of steps that you will take to test thoroughly your database application. Include scenarios that will be tested, and activities that will be performed to validate that your database application works correctly. ] b) Implementation Plan [Provide a list of steps that you will take for the implementation phase of this project. ] Part 6: File Maintenance and Storage Plan (due Week Eight) a) File Maintenance and Storage Plan [In this section, document the file maintenance and storage plan for your database application. ] [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Axia College Material Appendix" essay for you Create order

Case Study Sickle Cell Disease Free Essays

1. Sickle cell disease is a group of disorders that affects hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body. People with this disorder have atypical hemoglobin molecules called hemoglobin S, which can distort red blood cells into a sickle, or crescent, shape. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Sickle Cell Disease or any similar topic only for you Order Now SCD affects millions of people worldwide, particularly those with African, Spanish, Mediterranean, and Indian ancestry. Some 120,000 infants are born with SCD every year worldwide. In the United States, approximately 1 in 500 African-Americans and 1 in 1,200 Hispanic Americans are born with SCD. Some 2 million Americans including about 10 percent of the African-American population carry one gene for SCD, the â€Å"sickle cell trait.† 2. People without a spleen or those who have a spleen that is nonfunctioning are at an increased risk for developing infections, these infections can be fatal if not treated immediately. 3. Anemia resulting from a failure in blood cell Anemia associated with an excessive destruction of red cells 4. SCD can be very painful and to help control the pain the physican would need to know how much pain the client is in and if he is in pain did he want something to help control the pain. 5. Yes V.M. is be adequately oxygenated. 6. V.M. low Hgb could be causing the S.O.B. usually shortness of breath with anemia is caused upon exertion so I think there are some other underlying conditions causing his SOB. 7. Increased pulse, crackles in the lungs, increased B/P, increased respirations/respiration pattern. 8. I would expect the MD to do a chest xray, place client on strict IO, give him lasix, admit for observation, order teds, place on low sodium diet. 9. Normal NA 137 K 4.9 WBC 4.3 Platelets 208 High Bun 27 Creatinine 2.7- problem with the kidneys or kidney function Phospate 4.7- controlled by kidneys, evidence of a kidney problem Cl 110- can be caused by certain kidney disease Low CO2 16 Changes in your CO2 level may suggest that you are losing or retaining fluid, which causes an imbalance in your body’s electrolytes.CO2 levels in the blood are influenced by kidney and lung function. The kidneys are mainly responsible for maintaining the normal bicarbonate levels. Ca 8.2- kidney decease can cause a decrease in Ca HBG 7.8 can be caused by Kidney problems, SCA, bleeding etc Hct 20.9 can be cause by anemia, destruction of red blood cells and over hydration 10. Furosemide – Furosemide is a loop diuretic (water pill) that prevents your body from absorbing too much salt, allowing the salt to instead be passed in your urine. Furosemide treats fluid retention (edema) in people with congestive heart failure, liver disease, or a kidney disorder such as nephrotic syndrome. This medication is also used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Methylprednisolone – is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood disorders, severe allergic reactions, certain cancers, eye conditions, skin/kidney/intestinal/lung diseases, and immune system disorders. It decreases your immune system’s response to various diseases to reduce symptoms such as swelling, pain, and allergic-type reactions. This medication is a corticosteroid hormone. Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This  medication is known as a cephalosporin antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria. 11. Sickle Cell Disease clients often receive blood transfusions on an ongoing basis, making it more important for the them to receive the best match for their bodies. When they receive blood that is not the best match, their bodies may begin to slowly reject the blood. If they cannot receive blood safely, they may die. It is important that the labs knows it is a sickle cell patient, follow all facility protocols ( monitoring Bp, temp, pulse, as recommended), monitor the patient closely for signs and symptoms of rejection. 12. Often SCD patients are looked at as drug seekers and are not provided with the pain relief that they need. It’s important to remember not to stereotype patients and believe what they tell you their pain level is. 13. Have him follow up with a cardiologist about his heart murmur, incourge hime to work on his B/P control with diet and exercises. Education on what can trigger Sickle cell crisis temp, smoking etc. Encourage a low sodium diet, weigh daily if more than a 2 lbs gain in a day notify his physician, Teach causes of fluid volume excess and/or excess intake to patient or caregiver. Provide information as needed regarding the individual’s medical diagnosis (e.g., congestive heart failure [CHF], renal failure). Explain or reinforce rationale and intended effect of treatment program. Identify signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess. Explain importance of maintaining proper nutrition and hydration, and diet modifications. Identify symptoms to be reported. How to cite Case Study Sickle Cell Disease, Free Case study samples

Drama play review Essay Example For Students

Drama play review Essay Hole in the heart is a well thought out play, written and directed by George Eugeniou. It was not confusing to me at all except at times I found it hard to distinguish between dream world and reality, but if you kept in tune with the play you could really tell what it was about. The story is one filled with anger, jealousy and death In my opinion there isnt one main character as there is a lot going on with each character but if you had to choose, then at first its Tina and towards the end it becomes Rosie. It starts off in a snowy winter, with a young boy freezing to death, loosing his life in a race he was forced to run in, despite warning everyone of his bad heart condition (The hole in his heart). The boy was named Alex. The opening part of the play is emotional and captivating as there is action straight away. But too much monologue. Just before Alex dies, we find out he has a little sister that has been taken away from him and his mum by social services. Whilst dyeing he has a flash back of his mum begging the foster parents of his sister Tina to give her back. (Letting us know that the sister is called Tina and she is with foster parents) and then he dies to be found moments later by his best friend. The foster parents now with kids of their own (twins) have just been told by Tinas social worker, (Miss Fortey) that Tinas brother has died and they now face the hardship of telling Tina.  After telling Tina, she storms out of the room crying leaving the foster mum saying that she is NOT to go to the funeral. Moments later the twins come running in with news that Tina has run away.  I like the fact that it was more of a modern day play as it dealt with real issues. At this point in the play I started to get into the story an wanted to find out what happened to Tina. For an opening of a play, quite a lot has happened and has been put together nicely to fit in with the rest of the play. Every time (dead Alex) enters the mood changes.  As the next scene starts Tina talks to a dead Alex. (Confusing?) No! This acts as her sub conscience a voice or spirit of her brother kind of like a Alex ghost and he helps Tina her daughter through the play. The boy that finds Alex also finds Tina behind a tree; they start talking and then go back to his house. Months later in the spring Tina is found by police pregnant and taking drugs. When the foster parents are told they disowned her. Dead Alex gives Tina a prep talk before the social worker comes to remind Tina that they want to take her baby away. (Alex is a very cheerful person as he is still a child but he is still looked up to and treated as an elder, I like that)  After the baby is born and Tina gets a flat she has dreams of going to India and seeing her friend again. Alex again gives Tina a good talk on how to keep Rosie as her guardian calls. After Rosie has an accident the father shows up and wants to be a part of Rosies life and help keep her with Tina but Tina says no she doesnt need his help. (At this point you really feel bad for Rosie because she could be taken away from Tina through Tinas own arrogance and pride.)  I will let YOU read the rest and be your own judge but in my opinion I would recommend this play to anyone who is interested in watching a good show. Its emotional and is an excellent play and I really wouldnt mind reading it again!

Types of Story Conflicts Between a Person and the Society

Types of Story Conflicts Between a Person and the Society Over the time of human being existence, the social norms changed regularly depending on the political situation, environment, culture and ideas of particular individuals. In every stage of the history, there were rules that had to be followed and if it happens so that a person brakes them, he or she gets a public or, at times, even obscure disapproval. Here where the conflict between a person and the society appears. Make sure that a person has valid reasons to oppose a society The society has its dominant views but they might be both ethical and unethical. The contradiction is a key in order to create a great plot for your story so presenting a clear reason for the action of the main character (be it a hero or anti-hero) is a must. The strong motivation of the character to confront what the society demands is important for the plot development. Heighten the stakes for noncompliance to the social norms The tension of the conflict makes the story interesting and thrilling. The higher level of emotions is displayed, the more engaging your story can be. Overwhelming odds and a perspective to pay a high price for breaking written or even unspoken social rules can create an intrigue that will make your story engaging. However, for a successful piece of writing that should not be booed, be careful and keep a wise balance between being prejudiced or too open-minded while creating the plot and main characters. Ideally, your story needs to help resolve a conflict in a real life and, in no case, to elevate it further. Enhance ‘person and society’ conflict by including the inner struggle of the main character Trying to disapprove the defined but clearly unethical social dogmas can, by itself, draw the attention and the reaction of a person who does not agree with what the society says is pretty much clear. The rules influence your well-being so as a result, you decide to confront the usual social practices. However, adding an inner conflict of the main character can bring an additional flare and interest to your piece of writing. An individual might get used to what is supposed to be correct so he agrees with what the society desires and considers the rules to be fairly reasonable. At the same time, the character can feel that he is not comfortable with the conventions, which make him unhappy. This inner struggle can enhance the ‘person and society’ conflict in your story and make it thrilling and memorable. Think of how the conflict will be resolved Pay attention to how you want to conclude your story. Figure out for yourself whether you want to have a happy ending that may suggest a probable solution, which can potentially help resolve the real-life conflict between an individual and the society. On the other hand, the conflict might be so complicated that all you can do is to give a food for thought to your readers so that they can start acting towards resolving it. James Baldwin, one of America’s foremost writers, once said, â€Å"The most dangerous creation of any society is the man who has nothing to lose.† Putting your character in the hardest conditions possible and showing how he managed to get over the obstacles can really make your story memorable. For the order and the success in the society, the conforming to the defined norms is a must. The idea behind this is to avoid chaos, which can be destructive for the society in whole. However, there always will be people who would not wish to conform and act against any social norms. Sometimes the protest is, in fact, justified, even if it is forbidden by the society, but sometimes people do indeed act inappropriately with regards to other members of the social structure. This is a human nature and we still have a lot to learn about how to properly handle the conflict without harming a particular individual while avoiding sabotaging the wellbeing of the whole society.

Analysis of The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell Essays

Analysis of The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell Essays Analysis of The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell Paper Analysis of The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell Paper Essay Topic: The Most Dangerous Game Literature contains an interesting plot that should include a situation between two things, which is called conflict. Conflict is a very important element in literature. In Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† the main character goes through many conflicts to survive. In Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† a boy named Richard is kicked out of his house to buy the groceries, but a gang tries to beat him up on the way. The boy has to build up his courage and face the gang. In both Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis†, there are important internal and external conflicts throughout the story that are being created as the characters try to survive. Being washed up on a mysterious island and getting hunted down by crazy man are some examples of conflict in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†. â€Å"Your brain against mine. Your woodcraft against mine. Your strength and stamina against mine† (Connell 74). This quote from the story shows the external conflict between Rainsford and General Zaroff. The General is challenging him to a battle to the death. â€Å"The cat was coming again to play with the mouse† (Connell 77). This shows how the General is like the predator hunting down its prey. Rainsford is trying his best to survive. â€Å"Only the devil himself could follow that complicated trail through the jungle after dark† (Connell 76). This quote is an example of the conflict that Rainsford is going through with the jungle. This is an example of man vs. nature. Rainsford is thinking that the jungle is very hard to navigate through, which is an obstacle. The main conflict in this story is Rainsford trying to survive. Getting beat up can teach you a couple of lessons. In â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† the main character goes through a few conflicts. The poor little boy named Richard gets kicked out of his house to buy the groceries, but a gang gets in his way. The boy’s mother states â€Å"Go on and don’t pay any attention to them† (Wright 121). The mother is trying to her son into a grown up. She wants him to stand up for himself. This shows the love she has for Richard. â€Å"If these boys bother you, then fight† (Wright 121). Richard’s mother has no other choice but to let him fight, otherwise he will act as a little boy for the rest of his life. This is an example of external conflict because Richard is going to fight the other kids. â€Å"Don’t you come into this house until you’ve gotten those groceries† (Wright 121). This is an example of internal conflict because Richard has a choice of either staying home and get beat by his mother, or to go fight the gang. Richard found that the best way is to fight the gang and stand up for himself. In both of these conflicts, Richard is trying to survive. Conflict is a very important literary element in both of these short stories. It is one of the many literary elements that play a major role in a story’s plot by creating a complication between two things. Both Rainsford and Richard had to choose whether they want to survive or not. Rainsford survives by fighting back. Richard also learns that he needs to fight back. In both Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† conflict is a vital element that challenges the characters to survive.

Consumers goods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumers goods - Essay Example Based on the Annual Report of GKN (2005) the company is using the Option Pricing Model as its model in calculating the target price. First, it was reported that the Earnings per Share (EPS) was computed at 7.7 in 2005. The EPS is actually the net profit after tax divided by the outstanding shares of the company On the other hand, adjustments made in the financial report showed substantial reports. The value of EPS was subsequently changed to 22.1 after the adjustments were made. This is good news for the investors because the each share earned an additional 14.4 Sterling Pounds. According to the report, the change was made because of the impact of the restructuring and impairment charges, profits on the sale of business, and charges in the fair value of derivative financial instruments. The nature of the business suggests that the Discounted Cash Flow Model is the best model to be used in determining target prices.Premier Foods PLC uses Discounted Cash Flow as the model for computing target prices. Basically, all forecasted values provided by the firm emanate from the aforementioned model. In 2005, the actual EPS of the company is valued at 34. This is further divided into continuing and discontinuing EPS. The former accumulated an EPS of 15 and the latter contributed 19 earnings for share. The figures, however, were changed because of IFRS rules. The EPS of the company was reduced to 33.7 with the continuing and discontinuing registering 14.9 and 18.8 EPS respectively. ... Several changes were observed in the manner in which non-operating activities were reported. The decrease was made since most non-operating activities were excluded from the computation of the items needed to value the EPS of the company. Other changes in the business because of the IFRS have impacted the valuation of several elements. Still, the model used by the company is effective because Discounted Cash Flow value considers the effect of inflation in the computation of the future values in the financial statement. Using the Option Pricing Model is prevalent among firms with diverse operations. The target prices computations of Scottish and Newcastle PLC suggest that the Option Pricing Model was used. The Annual Report (2005) of the company has underlined several changes after the IFRS rules were mandated. Specifically, the effects of the changed were observed in the inclusion of cash and cash equivalents. In the EPS, the use of IFRS as guide for accounting has produced significant changes. Before the approval of IFRS use, the EPS was only 40. Using the guidelines provided by IFRS, the EPS of the firm ballooned to 200. Although other adjustments not related to IFRS were made, the value added after the use of IFRS was immense. Indeed, there is a possibility that the values were overstated. Hence, using the Discounted Cash Flow Model will provide an accurate view of target prices in the future operations. The group Annual Report (2005) of British American Tobacco has pointed that the model used for valuation of target prices is the Historical Cost convention. This supports the claim of financial analysts of the effect of inflation rates in the values reflected in the financial statements. According to the report, the company recorded an EPS of

New Physics and Chemistry Discovered at the CERN's Large Hadron Research Paper - 1

New Physics and Chemistry Discovered at the CERN's Large Hadron Collider - Research Paper Example ATLAS: A Toroidal LHC Apparatus, records measurements for the results of particle collisions. It tracks what particles are created and destroyed in a given collision, and the path of travel and energy for those particles (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: ATLAS†). They are both considered general-purpose detectors. The experiments were performed using them focus on the search for the Higgs boson and the substance known as dark matter (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: ATLAS†; â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: CMS†). Both pieces of equipment are needed in order to study the Higgs boson due to its extremely elusive nature. Mathematical and physical proof aa â€Å"light† Higgs boson would require the results of the experiments to agree on both pieces of equipment, and for each experiment to have consistent results across several experimental states each very different from one another (Froidevaux & Sphicas). CMS: Compact Muon Solenoid, has the same research goals as ATLAS, but it has different technical specifications to achieve those goals, especially with regard to the design of the magnet system within the equipment (â€Å"CERN - LHC Experiments: CMS†). The CMS has been designed to detect the presence of â€Å"missing† energy, which could indicate the presence of stable but weakly-interacting particles, such as energetic neutrinos. This missing energy occurs when the particle moves in the same direction as the beam pipe and so cannot be detected.

Importance Of Environmental Protection In Malaysia Tourism Essay

Importance Of Environmental Protection In Malaysia Tourism Essay Conservation and environmental protection are very important in Malaysia. Environment stabilization and maintaining to ensure that Malaysia create protection area for fauna and flora such as establishment of national parks. It is because input from natures resources are important to economic. While environmental quality on the other hand is productive asset for society. Tropical natures are one of the important assets to tourism sector of a country. As a country with equator climate, Malaysia has unique natures and island row. Recently, Malaysia started move forward to become a developed country. Various sectors which become role model in order in development strategies for example industrial sector, agriculture and tourism. Through tourism sector, Malaysia have introduced some natural place which become focus point for tourist as their recreation place for the purpose to kill their time and for enjoyable activities for example at national park, forest reserve and islands. Therefore, Malaysia afford make tourism sector as a major source of returns if the natures beauty can be always maintained. At the same time, tourism industry has improvement and growing clearly show that Malaysia has unique attractiveness. Besides that, multi racial people with different cultural stay peace in one country make Malaysia become more unique and more attract outside tourist arrival and this is a source of profit for the country. Therefore cultural diversity and arts is key determinant in attract tourists. Table 1.1: Number of arrival according to nationality Sarawak Year Nationality 2004 2005 Malaysia 2,092,704 2,248,829 Singapore 40,329 42,912 Australia and New Zealand 30,403 28,066 Canada 11,310 9.062 Hong Kong 1,100 593 India 12,924 12,426 United Kingdom and Ireland 44,267 42,136 Brunei 1,280,135 1,354,148 America 10,973 11,207 China 11,768 11,207 West Europe 19,268 18,729 East Europe 992 1,355 Filipina 104,341 101,521 Indonesia 379,477 449,327 Japan 10,245 9,142 Taiwan 8,283 7,472 Thailand 17,189 17,994 Others 258,183 198,704 Total 4,333,891 4,577,489 (Source: Immigration Department, Sarawak) Table 1.2: Number of arrival according to state Sarawak Tahun State 2004 2005 Kuching 779,135 859,320 Sibu 127,454 166,018 Miri 311,445 332,669 Bintulu 41,032 73,167 Limbang 243,762 238,465 Total 4,333,891 1,669,639 (Source: Immigration Department, Sarawak) Apart from that, infrastructure facilities is one of the factor of tourist arrival. It is because tourists will require comfort and seek solace when visit to a country. For example, many tourists who come to the Malaysia is to enjoy scenic beauty of the natures and the unique of cultural diversity. So the comfortable of accommodation such as hotel, chalet and so on as a factor to attract tourist arrival. Accommodation facility play important role cause this will be a factor to determine whether tourist will stay long or otherwise. Sarawak is the biggest state in Malaysia which famous with rich of various ethnic groups of culture and rich in history and heritage and also known as Land of Hornbills. Sarawak not only the largest state in Malaysia, it also was the state that divide to a lot area and contain longest river in Malaysia, largest flower in the world, largest moth in the world, widen cave in the world, oldest tropical rainforest and the first person emerge in Southeast Asian available in Sarawak. This had show that Sarawak is unique and distinctive. Recreation place in Sarawak consist of natural view area and cultural centers such as Sarawak Cultural Village. Sarawak Cultural Village popular with natural beauty among local and oversea tourists. The rich of ecology, biological and tradition in Sarawak Cultural Village really amazing. Therefore, efforts was being improved towards preserve ecology diversity, biological and tradition in Cultural Village. It is because cultural diversity and tradition of the local people able to attract a lot of tourists visit to this land of hornbills. Sarawak state indeed rich with various type of culture and ethnic such as Malay dance, Chinese and others ethnic in Sarawak which able to entertain tourist especially those tourist that like to see community life in Sarawak. Since cultural village started open to visit, so indirectly exist damage and pollution risk to the natures and beauty scene. Therefore, cultural village have to be preserve scenic beauty and traditional residence from threatened by human. Sarawak Cultural Village Background Sarawak Cultural Village located at Damai Beach Santubong and approximately 35km from the state capital Kuching town and dubbed as living museum in Sarawak. Sarawak Cultural Village also become a destination must be visited for those who first step to Land of Hornbills. This living museum officially opened since February 1990. This living museum consists seven hectares wide and about 150 people living in the village which include seven ethnic group namely Bidayuh, Iban, Orang Ulu, Penan, Melanau, Malay and Chinese. And each ethnic have their own lifestyle and traditional cultures for example the building of each ethnic is different, longhouse of the Iban, Bidayuh and Orang Ulu, Melanau live at tall house while Chinese is farm house. Apart from that, the entrance fees to Sarawak Cultural Village show as Table 1.3. Table 1.3: Entrance Fees Entrance fees Category Sarawak citizen Not Sarawak Citizen Adult RM25 RM60 Children (between 6-12 of age) RM18 RM30 Student RM15 RM15 (Source: Sarawak Cultural Village) Figure1.1: Sarawak Cultural Village Location (Sumber : Malaxi Damai Beach) Ethnic Bidayuh known as Dayak Darat achieve 8.4 percents out of total population in Sarawak. Majority ethnic Bidayug stay in long house that located nearby slope of mountain and also nearby river. Their house are made from board and bamboo with sago palm roof. Tourists can enjoy long house lifestyle when visit to this place. Iban tribesman known as Laut Dayak which their long house concept built up with large living room and several bed room. This ethnic most important treasure bravery. Every soldier able to kill enemy, will get appreciation as warrior and greeted with custom dances. Hence, Penan lifestyle is nomad style means that dislike stay in a place with long time. Therefore, their residence size also quite small size. Apart from that, Orang Ulu like to build house scattered in highland and river bank. While Melanau house is the most unique among other Sarawak ethnic, it is because their house is build up 40 feet tall from land, main purpose is to prevent attack by enemy and flood. At the same time, local ethnic dance performance including Ngajat Lesong and Ngajat Pahlawan, ethnic musical performance show in Theater Sarawak Cultural Village start from 11.30 oclock in the morning to 4.00 oclock in the afternoon, and every performance take 45 minutes long. Figure 1.2: Total population with ethnic Sarawak 2005 (Source : Jabatan Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia) 1.3 The Important of Conservation and Preservation natural resource and cultural in Malaysia Tourist industry depends highly on natural resources and cultural diversity which has potential to promote and attract tourist arrival. Natures is one asset that used to attract tourists arrival to see beauty and sense new experience. Awareness on the important of preserve natures in various level (government sector, private sector and society) for establishment of several protected area. Establish Sarawak Cultural Village is one of the approach that used to make sure the place that rich of ecology diversity, biological and cultural heritage preserved and conserve for future generation cause by time pass. Since Sarawak Cultural Village open visit to tourist in year 1990, cultural village record around 70,000 people visit per year. Tourists get benefit while visit to cultural village including view natures scenic, cultural heritage and handicraft and do various recreation activities and as well as research and learning also. So their entry capable increase economic growth and also Kuching capital development from the return of the cultural village. Indirectly, cultural village establish economic opportunities to society such as job opportunity, income level and others fields. At the same time, tourism growth in Sarawak due to influence development at that area. Therefore society nearby can enjoy high quality of infrastructure and facilities. 1.4 Problem Statement General know that the beauty of natural scenic and rich of various tradition ethnic play different important role and function. Conservation and retention cultural village concept need improvement but it involves high cost. Therefore, entrepreneur cultural village impose a entrance payment rate around RM60 for adult non Sarawak citizen for the conservation and retention purpose. According to policy makers especially government, whatever decision on resource utilization require information related cost and benefit. For example, conservation and retention effort, government require information about cost and benefit to make a decision whether feasible or not. So, the issue is the benefit value from conservation and retention could not be valued in finance form. That is, benefit value from the conservation and retention only can estimate in quantitative with using concept Willingness To Pay (WTP). The value of WTP on entrance fees to cultural village typified their willingness pay apart from purpose enjoy recreational facility but also conservation and retention program. Evaluation conservation and retention program divide to two aspect namely direct use value and indirect use value. Direct use value consists goods and services such as natural scenery and traditional dances of various tribesman. Indirect use value could not be valued in market in fact it more focus on ecology and biology, tribesman residence and recreation protection. Therefore, conservation and retention create indirect use value to human and also natures as well. Objective To study and estimate WTP value for the purpose of conservation and preservation Sarawak Cultural Village. To identify those factor influence WTP for the cost of preservation for air quality, scenic view. Tradition building in Sarawak Cultural Village. To analysis the important of Sarawak Cultural Village to societys tradition Sarawak. To develop strategy to ensure that retention bring optimum benefit to society Sarawak. 1.6 Research Scope Data collection in this study is refer to research design which primary data collected through questionnaire method. Sampling point focus at area Damai Beach, Santubong, area Sarawak Cultural Village. Total respondent in this study around one hundred and will use interview method based on objective study. Respondent category chosen is individual that has worked. Statistical Package for the School Science (SPSS) software will be used to strengthened result of the study by looking relationship among each variables. 1.7 The Important of Research Since 1984, tourism industry show potential returns to economic growth. Hence, government had develop several plan to improve and expansion tourism industry by set up a ministry especially for cultural tourism able increase this industry by Tourism Development Company to promote and enlarge tourism market, facility improvement has been given for investment in this tourism industry. Investment for accommodation projects such as hotel and motel and infrastructure such as recreation center and other facilities were given pioneer status or tax incentive to government. Indirectly those incentives give growth to the country. Government recommend village tourism was one of the new effective alternative which this development product is based on the natural resources and custom of different ethnic. Nowadays, various strategies generated by government to promote natural tourism and the unique of custom as a new attraction tourists. Therefore, tourists nowadays more interest with nature tourism, so government play important role in conserve and maintain the quality of the recreation center and nature in Malaysia can bring positive growth and give benefit to society as well. Besides can promote cultural village which rich of natural environment, society indirectly also can get the benefit and impact from this tourism strategy. From this studies, conservation and retention program were important to environment in Malaysia. Environment stabilization or known as environmental sustainability encourage Malaysia develop more protection area to preserve flora and fauna in a certain park or forest. It is because input from natures is important source to economic. While environmental quality on the other hand is productive asset to society. 1.8 Research Organization This project paper will divided to five chapters: Chapter 1 discuss about the important of conservation and preservation of the cultural area in Malaysia. Therefore, this study will issue objective to achieve the conservation study. Apart from that, research scope and methodology also be explained clearly in this chapter. Chapter 2 is part to increase knowledge in the subject area. Besides that, collection previous studies from others economist researcher as a references to identify information and ideas that relevant to this research. Chapter 3 focuses on describing the associated methodology in the analysis of the contingent valuation for conservation and retention of the Sarawak Cultural Village. Method that will be used is Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). Furthermore, Statistical Package for the School Science (SPSS) software will be used to strengthened result of the study by looking relationship among each variables. Besides, various test will be run for the independent and dependent variables. Model will be use in this study will be explained clearly in this chapter. Type of data collection in this study is primary data through questionnaire method. Therefore, sampling point focus at area Damai Beach, Santubong, area Sarawak Cultural Village. Total respondent in this study around one hundred and will use interview method based on objective study. Chapter 4 presents the data analysis result of the study with different test. Every decision will be elaborated clearly and performing in graph form and schedule. Interpretation of result will be stated in this section. Chapter 5 is the last chapter in this study. This chapter would be summarize the study been discussed and provides information to develop policies and strategies to ensure conservation and retention program on cultural village continuously so that future generation have chance to enjoy the benefit and economic value from this conservation.

Tungkol Sa Mga Manggagawang Mag-Aaral

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was born on March 27, 1845, in Lennop, a small town in the Rhineland of Germany. His father was a wealthy textile merchant, his mother was a Dutch lady born in Appledoorn, Holland. During his boyhood years Wilhelm already had a passion for experiments, but above all he loved nature. In school he was not very successful, not so much because of his performance but because of his behavior. He had trouble with his teachers, resisting their authority which finally led to his dismissal. Wilhelm ended his school years without any certificate. Because he wanted to pursue an academic career, he had to find another way to achieve his goal. A friend suggested the newly established Poly-Technical Institute in Zurich, Switzerland. There, he applied himself and easily earned a degree in mechanical engineering. He did not know what he wanted to do with this degree, so for awhile he did nothing. He caroused with his friends. It was during this time that he met Berthe Anna Ludwig, who later became his wife. He decided to continue with post-graduate studies with the encouragement of Dr. August Kuntz. By studying hard and concentrating on the task at hand, he was able to obtain a doctorate in physics with a thesis on gasses. When Dr. Kuntz accepted a position at the University of Wuerzburg, Germany, he persuaded Dr. Roentgen to go with him. In Wuerzburg he could not find work, so he tried his luck in two other cities. Eventually the Institute of Physics at the Wuerzburg University did offer him the coveted professorial chair, which he accepted, and in 1888 Professor Roentgen was elected Chancellor of the University. He taught during the day and spent many evenings experimenting in his lab. On the evening of November 8, 1895, while experimenting with electric current flow, using a spark conductor, he generated high voltages in a partially evacuated glass tube. The tube began to glow. He noticed that crystals of barium platino cyanide scattered on the table began to give off light when the tube glowed. An experienced researcher, he knew he was on to something. Further tests showed that paper, wood, aluminum and some other materials were transparent to these strange rays. Even at a distance of 2 meter the rays were still penetrating a wooden door. The professor realized that he was dealing with invisible electro-magnetic rays, which under certain conditions could stimulate certain materials to fluorescence. He exposed everything he could think of to these strange new rays, among them his weight box, a wire coil in a box and many different materials. He worked like a man possessed and he even slept in his lab. He found that lead glass is permeable to light but not to these rays, while wood stopped the light, but the rays passed through it. Then his thoughts turned towards bones. The bones seemed to screen the surrounding tissues. This monumental discovery enabled man to look inside the human body for the first time. Dr. Roentgen was uncertain of the nature of his findings, so he called this phenomena † X-Rays â€Å". He took a highly systematic approach to his studies and his experiments. He published a paper about the discovery and in December 1895 he held a demonstration with his first X-Ray pictures, along with one of his wife's hand. The discovery caused much excitement in scientific and medical communities throughout the world. Scientists in many countries started to experiment with these new rays, and progressive doctors very quickly used them as a diagnostic tool. A colleague, Dr. Kollicker, suggested in January 1896 to call these new rays after its discoverer. So it was done in Germany, a doctor orders a Roentgen picture, which is taken in the Roentgen Department of the hospital——- to this day. During the next decades it became obvious that X-Rays caused injury to various human tissue and to vision. Radioactivity was at that time not being related to these new rays. Many researchers developed radiation burns and cancer; more than 100 people died. These tragedies led to greater awareness of radiation hazards for health care workers. Early in the new century X-Ray equipment was being encased, and lead barriers and lead aprons were being introduced after the hazards became known. All this eventually led to a new branch of science: Radiobiology. In 1900 Professor Roentgen accepted a position at the University of Munich. One year later he received the first Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of X-Rays in Stockholm, Sweden. When his parents died, he inherited 2 million marks, which elevated him to the upper classes in the young German Empire. He traveled extensively with his wife to Italy and France, but most often they spent their vacation in Switzerland. He had fame and wealth and a feudal hunting lodge, but Dr. Roentgen was never really happy in Munich. He spent very little time furthering his research. Early in the century tuberculosis was still rampant. X-Ray examinations in mobile units throughout Germany detected the disease early and prevented it from spreading. Soon X-Rays were widely used in medicine, industry and cientific research. It became an important tool in the fight against cancer in the form of radiation therapy, along with surgery and chemotherapy. Today computer tomography is used in medicine and material testing. Since the 1960's X-Ray TV has enabled surgeons to monitor their operations. In the mid 70's micro-electronics entered the field of radiography. Today botanists use compute r tomography to examine trees for disease, and archaeologists to examine fossils, relics, artifacts and monuments. Dr. Roentgen once took an X-Ray picture of his gun. Perhaps he had a sense of things to come. One can hardly imagine airport security today without X-Rays. It is still the only devise that will detect an object of potential danger in luggage or on someone's person. X-Rays are not only generated here on earth; the universe has been full of X-Rays for billions of years. On June 1, 1990 an X-Ray satellite was launched to explore the structure and the developments of planets and the stars of the heavens. Dr. Roentgen's wife, Bertha, died in 1919 after a lengthy illness, during which he had virtually lived isolated in Munich. War and inflation had eroded his small fortune. Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen died four years later, on February 10, 1923 in Munich at the age of 78. His monumental discovery made a considerable contribution to the welfare of mankind. It also helps to unravel the secrets of nature he had loved so well. DISCOVERY OF XRAY. In late 1895, a German physicist, W. C. Roentgen was working with a cathode ray tube in his laboratory. He was working with tubes similar to our fluorescent light bulbs. He evacuated the tube of all air, filled it with a special gas, and passed a high electric voltage through it. When he did this, the tube would produce a fluorescent glow. Roentgen shielded the tube with heavy black paper, and found that a green colored fluorescent light could be seen coming from a screen setting a few feet away from the tube. He realized that he had produced a previously unknown â€Å"invisible light,† or ray, that was being emitted from the tube; a ray that was capable of passing through the heavy paper covering the tube. Through additional experiments, he also found that the new ray would pass through most substances casting shadows of solid objects on pieces of film. He named the new ray X-ray, because in mathematics â€Å"X† is used to indicated he unknown quantity. In his discovery Roentgen found that the X-ray would pass through the tissue of humans leaving the bones and metals visible. One of Roentgen’s first experiments late in 1895 was a film of his wife Bertha's hand with a ring on her finger (shown below on right). The news of Roentgen’s discovery spread quickly throughout the world. Scientists e verywhere could duplicate his experiment because the cathode tube was very well known during this period. In early 1896, X-rays were being utilized clinically in the United States for such things as bone fractures and gun shot wounds.

The Importance of Play and the Cognitive Development of Children

The Importance of Play and the Cognitive Development of Children Marlene Joy M. Cepeda Western Governors University Abstract The focus on academic success and high assessment scores has led many educators and administrators to perceive play as an unimportant part of a child’s development. But play does lay a good foundation developmentally for children. Through each different types of play, a child develops the necessary skills in order to succeed. When children are given opportunities to play, they develop the connections and experiences they will use to help them succeed academically.Since the No Child Left Behind Act was created in 2001, schools have shifted their focus onto academics and achieving high scores for standardized tests. This focus on academics has led many administrators and parents to perceive play as unimportant for children ages birth and five years old. Even though play may seem unimportant to those outside early childhood education, it creates a solid fou ndation for the child’s cognitive development and future academic success. In 2001, the United States Senate and House of Representatives passed the No Child Left Behind Act that would change the way schools addressed academics.Schools had to focus on ensuring all students were able to perform and were meeting the state academic standards. Kysilka (2003) wrote â€Å"the purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to hold schools, local educational agencies and States accountable for improving the academic achievement of all students and identifying and turning around low-performing schools that have failed to provide a high-quality education to their students, while providing alternatives to students in such schools to enable the students to receive a high-quality education† (Kysilka, 2003, p. 00). Since schools and administrators are being held to a standard, parents are looking at these scores to see if the child succeeds or fails. The focus shifting primarily on aca demics means the time for play is cut short during school hours if not completely removed. More recently, due to state and national emphasis on proficiency text performance, even the small segments of social pretend play time that have been allowed (if not encouraged) in school, such as kindergarten â€Å"choice† time and recess breaks are disappearing (Bergen, 2002).Bergen (2002) writes â€Å"the press for â€Å"academic readiness† through concentrated and direct teaching of alphabet, number, color, and other skills is now affecting the amount of time allocated for play in preschools† (Bergen, 2002, Challenges and Policy Directions suggested by Recent Research, para. 1). Kindergarten classes now are focused on ensuring their students are prepared academically. Instead of allowing the child to develop naturally, schools are now primarily emphasizing on the academics. Kindergarten students are no longer being taught the basics, like the alphabets, colors, or numb ers.Kindergarten students are now taught to read simple words and do more reading and writing in class. Three- and four-year-olds are now expected to engage in far more early writing and reading activities than ever before (Almon, n. d). Kindergarten programs in the U. S. focus so strongly on teaching literacy, numeracy, and other academic subjects that many children no longer have time to play in kindergarten (Almon, n. d. ). Play time has become unimportant in the schools. Educational psychologist Anthony Pellegrini writes â€Å"for many children, the opportunities for such freely chosen play are narrowing† (as cited in Bergen, 2009, p. 28). Pellegini continues â€Å"much of their play time at home has been lost to music, dance, or other lessons; participations on sports teams (using adult defined rules); and afterschool homework or test preparation. At the same time, many schools especially those considered to be poor performers, have reduced or eliminated recess† ( as cited in Bergen, 2009, p. 428). In the first 5 years of a child’s life, play is crucial for development more so than ensuring that the child understands the ABCs or the colors. Children develop problem solving skills when faced with a challenge in a game or with the object they are playing with.Children must think about what to do in order to overcome a particular obstacle or challenge. In the process children also use language skills to voice out frustrations, concerns, or questions to help them understand the situation they are experiencing. In 2006, the American Academy of Pediatrics stated â€Å"free and unstructured play â€Å"is healthy and, in fact, essential for helping children reach important social, emotional, cognitive developmental milestones as well as helping them manage stress and become resilient†Ã¢â‚¬  (as cited in Warner, 2009 p. 1).The Zero to Three Organization (2004) writes â€Å"children are naturally curious beings who are motivated to mak e sense of the world around them. The brain is the only organ that is not fully formed at birth† (Zero to Three Organization, 2004). The Zero to Three Organization (2004) also states â€Å"during the first 3 years, trillions of connections between brain cells are being made† (Zero to Three Organization, 2004). A child’s relationships and experiences during the early years greatly influence how her brain grows. Since children are still developing before age 5, it is imperative that they are allowed to develop naturally.Allowing children to experience play early will help them form those experiences and connections and lay that basic foundation before they begin school. While play may not be regarded as important as the academics to succeed, it plays a vital role in the cognitive development of children. Jean Piaget developed a theory about the cognitive development of young children. Piaget understood through his own observation that children learn logic and reaso ning through manipulation of their environment (Dodge, Colker, Heroman, & Bickart, 2009).Children manipulate the environment through play. Through play, children learn thinking and problem solving skills and understand how the world around them works. Sara Smilansky had created categories of play and described the skills children were learning through each type of play. Smilansky distinguishes four types of play: functional, constructive, dramatic or pretend play, and games with rules (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). When children are actively exploring their world, using their senses and their bodies, this would be described as functional play.This particular play begins when children are babies and are learning about their world. It is during functional play children begin to make those connections of memories to objects in the present. For example when a baby has learned to hold a rattle, they in turn continue to do this action for every other object they can grab. Funct ional play is a form of play in which children use their sense and muscles to experiment with materials and learn how things go together (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). As children grow and develop so does the basic understanding of how things work in the world.Children build upon the skills already learned and find they can create and build new things. These skills are developed through constructive play. Children learn how certain objects fit together through organizing objects, stacking objects, or simply creating something new with those objects. Allen and Marotz describes â€Å"the cognitive process includes mental activities such as discovering, interpreting, sorting, classifying, and remembering. All interactions that children experience during their daily activities contribute to their cognitive development† (as cited in Guam Early Learning Guidelines, 2005, p. 21).Children, ages one year and older, are very observant and can imitate the things they see in t he world around them. Using their imagination, children place themselves in different settings, like the doctor’s office, or a school, or even the house. Rubin describes â€Å"role enactment is the highest form of symbolic play† (as cited in Umek & Musek, 2001 p. 56). How children use imagination is often based on past experiences. According to Piaget, â€Å"assimilation is when children bring in new knowledge to their own schemas and accommodation is when children have to change their schemas to â€Å"accommodate† the new information or knowledge.This adjustment process occurs when learning, as one is processing new information to fit into what is already in one’s memory† (as cited in Powell & Kalina, 2009, p. 3). This play called dramatic play can occur when the child is by themselves or with other children. In dramatic play children typically take on a role, pretend to be someone else, and use real or pretend objects to play out a role (Dodge, C olker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). Children, ages three to four years old, begin to understand certain things have to be done a certain way.They learn that there are rules and guidelines that must be followed not only for reasons of safety, but the safety and well-being of others. This lesson can be taught to children, ages three to four years old, through games with rules. Some games require lots of movement and lots of room; dodge ball, kickball, musical chairs. Some games can be played on tables with a small number of people; bingo, Uno, go fish. Through this type of play, children not only use their muscles, both big and small, but they learn to communicate with their friends or teammate in the game.Children also learn to respect the others when it is their turn and learn to follow the rules. This type of play requires the children to use many of senses, teach them to play well with others, and respect everyone who is playing the game. There are two broad types of games with rules -table games and physical or movement games. Both require children to control their behavior, both physically and verbally, to conform to a structure or preset rules (Dodge, Colker, Heroman & Bickart, 2009). When children are not given the opportunity to play, they may not learn many of skills that are associated with play.Gould had written â€Å"humans, as specialists in non-specialisation, have survived not through rigid and narrow ways of behaving, but through adaptive qualities of quirkiness, flexibility, and unpredictability and sloppiness. † â€Å"These are the essence of play† (as cited in Lester, 2010 p. 16). The ability for children to play is tied to the ability to being creative and imaginative. The skills of being creative and imaginative can be lost or forgotten if children are not able to exercise these skills. Almon (n. d. writes â€Å"given the importance of play for children’s physical, social, emotional, and mental development, the demise of p lay will certainly have serious consequences during childhood and throughout children’s lives† (Almon, n. d. ). Almon (n. d. ) explains â€Å"indeed, there is growing concern about what kind of society we are creating if a generation of children grow up without play and the creative thinking that emerges from play† (Almon, n. d. ). To many outside the early childhood education, play may seem unimportant.Laying the basic foundation for success, play is an integral part of a child’s growth. Children gain many benefits through play. Not only do the children develop social skills through interactions with other children, but they continue to develop their thinking and problem solving skills. The manipulation of the world around them through play helps create those lasting memories and allows for connections of the past experiences to be tied to the experiences of the present. References Almon, J. (n. d. ). The Vital Role of Play in Childhood. Retrieved from ht tp://www. aldorfearlychildhood. org/article. asp? id=5 Bergen, D. & Fromberg, D. P. (2009). Play and Social Interaction in Middle Childhood. Phi Delta Kappan, 90(6), 426-430. Bergen, D. (2002). The Role of Pretend Play in Children’s Cognitive Development. [Supplemental material]. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1) Retrieved from http://ecrp. uiuc. edu/v4n1/bergen. html Dodge, D. T. , Colker, L. J. , Heroman, C. , & Bickart, T. S. (2009). The Creative Curriculum for Preschool. (4th ed. ). Washington, D. C. : Teaching Strategies, Inc. Early Childhood Care & Education Committee. 2005). Guam early learning guidelines for young children ages three to five. Mangilao, Guam: The Guam Department of Public Health & Social Services. Kysilka, M. L. (2003). NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND. Curriculum & Teaching Dialogue, 5(2), 99-104. Lester. S. (n. d. ). Children’s Right to Play: An examination of the importance of play in the lives of children worldwide. Working papers in early child hood development, No. 57. Bernard Van Leer Foundation. Power, K. C. , & Kalina, C. J. (2009). Cognitive and Social Constructivism: Developing tools for and effective classroom.Education, 130(2), 241-250. Umek. L. , & Musek, P. (2001) Symbolic Play: opportunities for cognitive and language development in preschool settings. Early Years: Journal of International Research & Development, 21(1), 55-64. Doi:10. 1080/09575140020022689 Warner, L. (n. d. ). â€Å"You’re It! †: Thoughts on Play and Learning in Schools. Horace, 24(n2) Zero to Three Organization. (2004). Getting ready for school begins at birth [Brochure]. Retrieved from http://www. zerotothree. org/child-development/social-emotional-development/gettingreadyforschoolbeginsatbirth. pdf

Religion and the Existence of God Essay - 750 Words

Religion and the Existence of God The existence of God has been questioned since the beginning of time. Religions thrived on answering the unanswerable questions of the universe and people were able to find solace in the answers. As science has expanded and been able to answer these questions with natural, as opposed to supernatural answers, many people stopped looking to God and religion for the causes of things and started looking towards science. God was dead, according to many scientists and people of all professions. Many philosophers, however, have different conclusions. In the article, Science Finds God (Newsweek 1998) it was recognized that although theologians and scientists differ sharply in their views and do not†¦show more content†¦To actually move a thing must be moved by another thing that is actually in motion. Therefore that thing must have been moved by another. However this cannot go on infinitely. There must be something that is the first unmoved mover that causes all movement. This b eing, in a state of pure actuality, is what people call God. An example of this is a stone is moved by a stick. The stick is moved by a hand. The stick moved from a state of potential movement to actual movement by the hand. In order to move the stick the hand must move from potential to actual by something else. What moves the hand must be also be moved by another because nothing can be moving both potentially and actually at the same time. Whatever was the original cause of all movement must be pure actual movement. This being is the unmoved first mover, God. Aquinass fifth proof relates more directly to Science Finds God. This article states that the complexity of the natural world is more evidence that God must exist. Thomas says that there is some pure act of intelligence that causes all other acts of intelligence. As an archer shoots an arrow towards its target, God aims everything to its ultimate end. Everything is ordered towards an end and that end is determined b y a being we call God. Using empirical sciences, it is evident that everything has its purpose and functions forShow MoreRelatedThe Existence Of God And Religion868 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Dictionary). Likewise, faith is defined in the Oxford Dictionaries as a strong belief in God or in the doctrines of a religion, based on spiritual apprehension rather than proof (Oxford Dictionaries). Faith is either trusting and having confidence in a person or thing, or having a strong religious spirit while accepting the existence of God as real. 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In philosophy of religion we discuss the questionRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay example1562 Words   |  7 PagesProof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving Gods existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of Gods existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world hasRead MoreIs Atheism Considered The Belief Of The Existence Of Gods?1155 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief in the absence of the existence of gods. This absence of belief usually comes from a deliberate choice, or from an inherent inability to believe in religious teachings. It is not a lack of belief born from ignorance of religions. 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